Contents

Introductory remarks

Definition of the Arctic

Composition of the Arctic terrestrial and, partly, freshwater fauna

Ecological estimation of the Arctic fauna

Age and origin of the Arctic tundra landscape with others

Glacial effects

Survival of glacial conditions on the spot

Refuges and invasions of the glacial faunae

Historical connections and origin of the Arctic fauna in Eurasia

Euarctics and their origin

Heterogeneity of the Palaearctic fauna

Literature quoted

Summary